It is thought that the road was named after a Dutch-built tavern that sat at the intersection, called "The Planes Tavern," in the early 18th century or earlier. The oldest developed section of Plainsboro is at the intersection of Dey and Plainsboro Roads. In the 17th century, the Dutch settled the area for its agricultural properties. The original residents of Plainsboro were the Unami people, a subtribe of the Lenape Native Americans. Wicoff School, named for one of the individuals who led the effort to create Plainsboro. The main impetus towards the creation of the township was the lack of schools serving the area a new school was constructed after the township was established, which still exists as J.V.B. Plainsboro was incorporated as a township on May 6, 1919, from lands north of Plainsboro Road and Dey Road that had been part of South Brunswick Township and lands south of Plainsboro Road and Dey Road that had been part of Cranbury Township. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 24,084, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 1,085 (+4.7%) from the 22,999 recorded at the 2010 census, which in turn had reflected an increase of 2,784 (+13.8%) from the 20,215 counted at the 2000 census.
Centrally located in the Raritan Valley region, the township is an outer-ring suburb of New York City in the New York metropolitan area, even though it is slightly geographically closer to Center City, Philadelphia than to Midtown Manhattan. Plainsboro Township is a township situated in southern Middlesex County, within the U.S.
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